These and other bacteria may be considered more likely in patients with certain risk factors ( Table 1Īspergillus and Cryptococcus species, Histoplasma capsulatum, Haemophilus influenzae, Nocardia species, nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pneumocystis jiroveciĪnaerobic oral flora, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniaeĬhlamydophila pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Legionella species, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other gram-negative rods, S. pneumoniae 5 Less common bacterial causes include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 4 Other bacteria identified in CAP include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly more common among patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) level care. 5 Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causal bacterium. 5 In adults of all ages, human rhinovirus and influenza were the most frequently identified viruses. 5 Viral pathogens were identified in 27% of cases and bacterial pathogens in 14% of cases. 4 CAP is an infection of the lung parenchyma that is acquired outside of hospitals or extended-care facilities. A 2015 prospective, multi-center study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified a responsible pathogen in only 38% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults requiring hospitalization. 3Ī causal pathogen is often not identified. 1, 2 It is among the most expensive conditions treated in US hospitals with national aggregate costs of $9.5 billion in 2013. Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization among both adults and children in the United States, accounting for more than 800,000 hospitalizations and more than 400,000 emergency department visits in 2014.
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